the Royal Asiatic Society (1965): 112–32.
S. Skilliter, «The Sultan’s Messenger, Gabriel Defrens: An Ottoman Master-Spy of the Sixteenth Century,» Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, ed. A. Tietze, vol. 68 (Vienna, 1976), pp. 47–59.
mar
, ed. M. Amari, «Al-
mar
, Condizioni degli stati Cristiani dell’ Occidente secondo una relazione di Domenichino Doria da Genova», Atti R. Acad. Linc. Mem., 11 (1883): text p. 15, trans. p. 87. Hereafter cited as
mar
(Amari).
Mehmed Efendi, p. 25; French transl., pp. 34–35.
Vasif, in Cevdet, 4: 349.
Azmi, p. 12.
«Скомпрометированный» — это тот, кто соприкасался с людьми или вещами, способными, как полагают, переносить заразу. Как правило, под этим страшным запретом постоянно находится вся Османская империя. «Жёлтый флаг» — знамя Карантинного управления. [А. У. К.]
A. W. Kinglake, Eothen (London, n.d.), pp. 9–11.
I
i
ām al-D
n, see C. A. Storey, Persian Literature, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 1142. Cf. English transl., J. E. Alexander, Mirza Itesa Modeen (London, 1827).
Mas
r-i
ālib
ya Sefarnāma-i M
rzā Abū
ālib Khān, ed. H. Khad
v-Jam (Tehran, 1974); cf. English trans., C. Stewart, Travels of Mirza Abu Talib Khan … (London, 1814). Also see Storey, Persian Literature, 1, pt. 2, pp. 878–79.
Seyyid Ali’s report was published by Ahmed Refik in Tarih-i Osmani Encümeni Mecmuasi, 4 (1329/1911): 1246ff, 1332ff, 1378ff, 1458ff, 1548ff. See further M. Herbette, Une ambassade Turque sous le Directoire, Paris, 1902.
On Ali Aziz, see A. Tietze, ″
z
z Efendis Muhayyelat″, Oriens 1 (1948): 248–329; E. Kuran, «Osmanli daimi elçisi Ali Aziz Efendi’nin Alman Şarkiyatçisi Friedrich von Diez ile Berlin’de ilmi ve felsefi muhaberati (1797)» Belleten 27 (1963): 45–58; and EI2., s.v. ″
l
z
z″ (A. Tietze).
On these embassies, see T. Naff «Reform and the conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789–1807,» Journal of the American Oriental Society 83 (1963): 295–315; E. Kuran, Avrupa’da Osmanl
Ikamet Elçiliklerinin Kuruluş ve Ilk Elçilerin Siyasi Faaliyetleri 1793–1821 (Ankara, 1968); S. J. Shaw, Between Old and New pp. 180ff.
On Mehmed Raif see S. J. Shaw, Between Old and New, index.
On the Egyptian student missions, see J. Heyworth-Dunne, An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt (London, 1938), pp. 104ff, 221ff, and passim.
There is an extensive literature on Sheikh Rifā
in Arabic and in Western languages. See EI1., s.v. ‘Rifā
Bey’ (Chemoul); further, J. Heyworth-Dunne, «Rifā
h Badaw
Rāfi
a
-
ahtāw
: The Egyptian Revivalist», BSOAS 9 (1937–39): 961–67, 10 (1940–42): 399–415. The fullest treatment is that of Gilbert Delanoue, Moralistes et politiques musulmans dans l’Egypte du XIXème siècle (1798–1882) (Service de reproduction des theses, Lille, 1980), 1, chap. 5. Sheikh Rifā
’s travels in France, entitled Takhl
al-ibr
z f
talkh
Bar
z (usually known as al-Rihla) has been printed a number of times. References are to the (Cairo, 1958) edition.
Published in I. Ra
n, Safarname-i M
rzā
āli
Sh
rāz
, (Tehran, 1347s). See further Storey, Persian Literature, I, pt 2, pp. 1148–50, and Hafez Farman Farmayan, «The Forces of modernization in nineteenth century Iran: a historical survey,» in W. R. Polk and R. L. Chambers (editors), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East (Chicago 1968), pp. 122ff.
Irşad. See above chapter 3, n. 15.
See C. A. Nallino, «al-Khuwarizmi e il suo rifacimento della Geografia di Tolomeo» in Raccolta di Scritti, vol. 5 (Rome, 1944), pp. 458–532; D. M. Dunlop, «Mu
ammad b. Mūsā al-Khwārizm
,» Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1943): 248–50; and R. Wieber, Nordwesteuropa nach der arabischen Bearbeitung der Ptolemäischen Geographie von Mu
ammad b. Mūsā al-
wārizm
(Walldorf-Hessen, 1974).
The Muslim geographical literature of the Middle Ages is examined in two major works,
