one by A. Miquel,
La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu’au milieu du lle siècle, 3 vols. (Paris, 1967–80), especially vol. 2,
Géographie arabe et représentation du monde: la terre et l’étranger, chapters 6 and 7 on eastern and western Europe; the other by I. J. Kračkovsky,
Istoriya Arabslcoy Geografičeskoy Literatury, Izbranniye Sočineniya, vol. 5 (Moscow-Leningrad, 1957), Arabic transl. by S. U. Hāshim,
Ta’r
kh al-adab al-djughrā
al- ’arab
(Cairo, 1963). For a briefer survey, see
EI2., s.v. «Djughrāf
ya,» (S. Maqbul A
mad). On medieval Muslim geographers’ knowledge of Europe, see I. Guidi, «L’Europa occidentale negli antichi geografi arabi,»
Florilegium M. de Vogüe (1909): 263–69; E. Ashtor, «Che cosa sapevano i geografi Arabi dell’Europa occidentale?»
Rivista Storica Italiana 81 (1969): 453–79; K. Jahn, «Das Christliche Abendland in der islamischen
Geschichts-schreibung des Mittelalters,»
Anzeiger der phil.-hist. Klasse der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 113 (1976): 1–19; Y. Q. al-Khūr
, «al-Jughrāf
yūn al-
rab wa-Urūba,»
al-Ab
āth 20 (1967): 357–92.
Ibn Khurradādhbeh, Kitāb al-masālik wa ’l-mamālik, ed. M. J. de Goeje (Leiden, 1889), p. 155.
Ibid., pp. 92–93.
Ibid., p. 153. For an important recent study see M. Gil., «The Rādhā nite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān,» JESHO 18 (1974): 299–328.
Ibn al-Faq
h, Mukhta
ar Kitāb al-Buldān, ed. M. J. de Goeje (Leiden, 1885); cf. French transl., H. Massé, Abrégé des Livre des Pays (Damascus, 1973) p. 8.
Ibn Rusteh, Kitāb al-a
āq al-na
sa M. J. M. J. de Goeje (Leiden, 1892), p. 85; cf. French transl., G. Wiet, Les Atours Precieux (Cairo, 1958), p. 94.
Mas
d
, Kitāb al-tanb
h wa’l-ishrāf (Beirut, 1965), pp. 23–24; cf. French transl., Carra de Vaux, Macoudi, le livre de l’avertissement et de la révision (Paris, 1897), pp. 38–39.
Mas
d
, Murūj al-dhahab, ed. and transl. F. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet du Courteille (Paris, 1861–77) 3: 66–67; ibid., 2nd ed., C. Pellat (Beirut, 1966–70) 2: 145–46; cf. revised French transl., C. Pellat (Paris, 1962–71) 2: 342.
On Arabic accounts of the Vikings, see A. Melvinger, Les premières incursions des Vikings en Occident d’après les sources arabes (Uppsala, 1955); A. A. el-Hajji, «The Andalusian diplomatic relations with the Vikings …» The sources were collected by A. Seippel, Rerum Normannicarum, and translated into Norwegian by H. Birkeland, Nordens Historie i Middelalderen etter Arabiske Kilder (Oslo, 1954).
See EI2., s.v. «Asfar,» (I. Goldziher) and idem, Muslim Studies vol. 1, transl. C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern (London, 1967), pp. 268–69.
Mas
d
, Murūj, ed. Barbier de Meynard, 3: 69–72; C. Pellat ed., 2: 147–48; cf. Pellat transl. 2: 344–45. For an English translation and discussion, see B. Lewis, «Mas
d
on the Kings of the ‘Franks,’» Al-Mas
d
Millenary Commemoration Volume (Aligarh, 1960), pp. 7–10.
Ibn Rusteh, p. 130; cf. Wiet transl., p. 146.
Yāqūt, s.v. «Rūmiya.» On the Arabic accounts of Rome, see I. Guidi, «La descrizione di Roma nei geografi arabi,» Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria 1 (1877): 173–218.
Ibid.
Qazv
n
, pp. 388–89; cf. Jacob, pp. 26–27; cf. Miquel, pp. 1057–58. For a later account of catching a «large fish,» probably a whale, see Vakiat-i Sultan Cem, pp. 9–10.
A. Kunik and V. Rosen, Izvestiya al-Bekri, pp. 34–35; T. Kowalski, Relatio Ibrāh
m ibn Ja
ūb, pp. 2–3; Bakri, Jughrāfiya, ed. A. A. el-Hajji, pp. 160–63; G. Jacob, Arabische Berichte, pp. 12–13.
Qazv
n
, pp. 334–35; cf. Jacob, pp. 31–32; cf. Miquel, pp. 1052–53.
Zuhr
, pp. 229–30/77–78; cf. French transl., p. 93.
Idr
s
, Opus Geographicum, ed. A. Bombaci et.al., fasc. 8 (Naples, 1978), p. 944; cf. A. F. L. Beeston, «Idrisi’s Account of the British Isles,» BSOAS 13 (1950): 267.
Idr
s
, Opus, fasc. 8, p. 946.
Ibid., pp. 947–48.
Ibn Sa
d, Kitāb Bas
al-ar
fi’l-
ūl wa’l-
r
, ed. J. V. Gines (Tetuan, 1958), p. 134. Cf. Abū’l-Fida, Taqw
m al-buldān, ed. J. S. Reinaud and M. de Slane (Paris, 1840), p. 187; 
